Aim
The goal of this course is to provide the students with theoretical and experimental insight and skills concerning instrumental analytical chemistry with a focus on fundamental analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, chromatography, mass spectrometry and potentiometry.

Knowledge and understanding
For a passing grade the student must

• be able to explain the basic theories of chromatography, spectrophotometrymetry, potentiometry, mass spectrometry, process analysis, immunoassay analysis, and automatic analytical techniques

• be able to describe the technical performance and implementation of quantitative analyses using chromatographic, spectrophotometric, electrochemical and automatic techniques

• be able to describe the design and function of the most important components in a mass spectrometer and how quantitative gas chromatography – mass spectrometry is employed

• be able to calculate and interpret the most important experimentally obtained parameters in chromatography and spectrophotometry, while choosing important experimental conditions for measurements using these techniques

• be able to describe the most important sources of error in quantitative analyses with absorption spectrophotometry and in pH-measurements with a glass electrode

Skills and abilities
For a passing grade the student must

• be able to perform the most basic operations used in chemical analysis

• be able to apply the most common analytical techniques utilised in quantitative and in some cases qualitative analyses taking method descriptions and valid safety, environmental and quality standards into consideration

• be able to estimate and calculate how experimental conditions should be changed to improve chromatographic resolution

• be able to estimate the quality of planned and performed analytical results by means of applied statistics

• be able to compile experimentally obtained data into technical reports

Contents
The course offers an overview of common analytical methods employed in industrial environments and presents a short introduction on advanced techniques applied in specialised laboratories.

Laboratory work: Laboratory exercises demonstrate quantitative and to a lesser extent qualitative analyses.

Chemical analyses in solutions are performed using instruments for atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes and flow injection analysis. One experiment provides the students with knowledge in instrumental construction and operation. The measurement uncertainty of an analysis is estimated by statistical treatment of analytical data. Some experiments aim to characterise the properties of a method, among other things to show how the signal depends on the molecular structure of the analyte. The quantitative analytical experiments represent common industrial techniques used in analysis of food, natural products, environmental samples, water samples, consumer products, and drugs.

Lectures: In quantitative chemical analysis general chromatographic theories, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are considered. The lectures also cover qualitative chemical analysis using spectrometric techniques such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, atomic absorptions spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectrophotometry and luminescence spectrophotometry (fluorescence). Among electrochemical techniques, potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes are considered. Additional topics considered include mass spectrometry, techniques for automatic analysis, environmental analysis using gas chromatography and spectrometry, immunoassay techniques, process analytical chemistry, near-infrared spectrometry, sample preparation, measurement uncertainty and quality assurance.

Exercises: Exercises in chromatography, spectrophotometry, potentiometry and mass spectrometry are provided.

Written presentations: The ability of the student to express results in writing is trained in groups by having the students compile experimentally obtained data into concise, clearly written technical reports.

Literature
Harris, D.C.: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Seventh ed. Freeman 2007. ISBN: 0-7167-7041-5.
Complementary compendia give the necessary overview of the broad and diverse course subjects. Div. of Analytical Chemistry.
Laboratory text. Div. of Analytical Chemistry.

Code: 0108. Name: Examination.
Higher education credits: 6. Grading scale: TH. Assessment: The students’ achievements will be assessed with a written examination, on which the final grade will be based.

Code: 0208. Name: Laboratory Work.
Higher education credits: 1,5. Grading scale: UG. Assessment: Students are required to have received a passing mark on their laboratory work and reports.